Ngokuvamile kunamasu amabili okuthola izifo ezithathelwanayo: ukutholakala kwe-pathogen ngokwayo noma ukutholakala kwamasosha omzimba akhiqizwa umzimba womuntu ukuze amelane ne-pathogen.Ukutholwa kwamagciwane kungathola ama-antigen (imvamisa amaprotheni angaphezulu kwamagciwane, amanye asebenzisa amaprotheni enuzi angaphakathi).Ungahlola futhi ama-nucleic acid.Uma kutholwa noma iyiphi ye-nucleic acid, i-antigen ne-antibody oketshezini lomzimba wesiguli, kusho ukuthi unegciwane.

Ukutholwa kwe-Nucleic acid: izidingo eziphakeme ngendawo yaselabhorethri, abasebenzi abahlolayo, amathuluzi, njll., ukuzwela kokutholwa okuphezulu, ukucaciswa okuhle, ngokuvamile imiphumela yamahora angu-2-3.Ukutholwa kwe-antibody: ukusebenza kulula futhi kulula, kulungele inani elikhulu lamacala asolwayo kanye nokutholwa kokutheleleka okungenasimo, umphumela osheshayo ungaphakathi kwemizuzu eyi-15.Ukutholwa kwe-antigen: izidingo eziphansi zaselabhorethri, zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kusenesikhathi, ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi, kulungele ukuhlolwa okukhulu ezibhedlela eziyisisekelo, imiphumela eshesha kakhulu phakathi nemizuzu eyi-15.Njengamanje, ukutholwa kwe-nucleic acid kusetshenziswa kabanzi, ukuzwela kanye nokucaciswa kwama-antibody kanye nama-antigen reagents anqunyelwe, ngayinye inokugcizelela kwayo, futhi ayikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni somunye.Ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kwezindlela zokuthola eziningi kunganciphisa ngempumelelo isikhathi sewindi lokutholwa futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokutholwa okuhle.Uma udinga umqhele omusha wokutholwa kwe-antigen kanye ne-antibody, sicela usithinte, sinemikhiqizo yokutholwa esebenza kahle.